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As IвЂ™ll describe later in this article, tetraplegic people are already using this system to reach out and grasp a variety of objects. In one thrust of our research, weвЂ™re developing noninvasive wearable technology, which doesnвЂ™t require a brain implant and could therefore be adopted by the paralyzed community fairly quickly. The system Burkhart used was experimental, and when the study ended, so did his new autonomy. Rocking Out: In 2015, study participant Ian Burkhart used the first version of the implant-based neural bypass to play the game Photo: Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center/Batelle And they pointed to two ways forward for our research. His triumphs-which also included swiping a credit card and pouring water from a bottle into a glass-were among the first times a paralyzed person had successfully controlled his own muscles using a brain implant. During his participation in our study, technology replaced that lost function. His injury blocks electrical signals generated by his brain from traveling down his nerves to trigger actions by his muscles. The impact fractured several vertebrae in his neck and damaged his spinal cord, leaving him paralyzed from the middle of his chest down. Ian Burkhart, the participant in the Guitar Hero experiment, was paralyzed in 2010 when he dove into an ocean wave and was pushed headfirst into a sandbar. That wearable technology could also be rolled out to patients relatively soon. The other employs noninvasive wearable technology that provides less precise control, but has the benefit of not requiring brain surgery. One approach uses brain implants for high-fidelity control of paralyzed limbs. My team, which includes electrical engineer Nikunj Bhagat, neuroscientist Santosh Chandrasekaran, and clinical manager Richard Ramdeo, is using that information to build two different kinds of synthetic nervous systems. From left: Chad Bouton, Richard Ramdeo, Santosh Chandrasekaran, and Nikunj Bhagat. Group Effort:В Study participant Luke Tynan works with a team of researchers to try out the wearable neural bypass. After working on this problem for more than 20 years, I feel that weвЂ™ve just begun to understand some key parts of this mysterious code. To do this we first need to understand how electrical signals from neurons in the brain relate to actions by the body then we need to вЂњspeakвЂќ the language correctly and modulate the appropriate neural pathways to restore movement and the sense of touch.

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My groupвЂ™s particular quest is to crack the neural codes related to movement and sensation so we can develop new ways to treat the millions of people around the world who are living with paralysis- 5.4 million people in the United States alone. Bioelectronic medicine is a relatively new field, in which we use devices to read and modulate the electrical activity within the bodyвЂ™s nervous system, pioneering new treatments for patients. IвЂ™ve since moved my lab to the Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine at the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, in Manhasset, N.Y. We did that research at the Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio. He used, essentially, a type of artificial nervous system. First, a brain implant picked up neural signals in his motor cortex, which were then rerouted to a computer running machine-learning algorithms that deciphered those signals finally, electrodes wrapped around his forearm conveyed the instructions to his muscles. Instead, he used a technology that we call a neural bypass to turn his intentions into actions. His movements didnвЂ™t rely on the damaged spinal cord inside his body. Every time he moved his fingers to play a note, he was playing a song of restored autonomy. What made this mundane bit of game play so extraordinary was the fact that the man had been paralyzed from the chest down for more than three years, without any use of his hands. He held the simplified guitar interface gingerly, using the fingers of his right hand to press down on the fret buttons and his left hand to hit the strum bar.

In 2015, a group of neuroscientists and engineers assembled to watch a man play the video game Guitar Hero. Sensors on the arm register his intentions, while electrodes stimulate the nerves and muscles to produce his desired movements. Motion Restored: Luke Tynan, who was paralyzed in 2017 by a spinal cord injury, demonstrates the wearable system that enables him to control his arm and hand.